Abstract

Research Article

The Risk Factors for Ankle Sprain in Cadets at a Male Military School in Iran: A Retrospective Case-control Study

Farzad Najafipour*, Farshad Najafipour, Mohammad Hassan Majlesi and Milad Darejeh

Published: 23 March, 2017 | Volume 1 - Issue 1 | Pages: 020-026

Introduction: Ankle sprain is a widespread impairment in sport groups; this impairment leads to an absence from the workplace. The ankle sprains incidence rates are induced by height, weight, BMI, physical fitness, level of match, classification of sport, and personal exposure to sport.

Methods: A longitudinal case-control study was executed to verify the outcome of risk factors for ankle sprain at a Military Male School between 2012 and 2013 of 4987 people at risk for ankle sprain, a total of 234 cadets sustained new ankle sprains during the study, 432 non-injured cadets randomly selected as the control group.

Results: Regarding to the total people at risk in our study the incidence rate was approximately 5/1000 ankle sprain-years. Cadets with ankle sprains had higher weight, BMI and higher scores in Army Physical Fitness test than the control group. Ankle sprain occurred most commonly during athletics (51.4%). Ankle sprain incidence rate did not significantly vary from different athletic competitions after controlling for athlete-exposure. Soccer and Ball Games had the highest ankle sprain incidence rate.

Conclusion: Higher weight, increased BMI, greater physical conditioning and athlete exposure to selected sports were all risk factors for ankle sprain.

Read Full Article HTML DOI: 10.29328/journal.jcmei.1001005 Cite this Article Read Full Article PDF

Keywords:

Ankle injuries; Military personnel; Risk factor

References

  1. O'Connor SR, Bleakley CM, Tully MA, McDonough SM. Predicting functional recovery after acute ankle sprain. PLoS One. 2013; 8. Ref.: https://goo.gl/T8XL0p
  2. González de Vega C, Speed C, Wolfarth B, González J. Traumeel vs. diclofenac for reducing pain and improving ankle mobility after acute ankle sprain: a multicentre, randomised, blinded, controlled and non-inferiority trial. Int J Clin Pract. 2013; 67: 979-989. Ref.: https://goo.gl/Voq6PM
  3. Wähnert D, Grüneweller N, Evers J, Sellmeier AC, Raschke MJ, et al. An unusual cause of ankle pain: fracture of a talocalcaneal coalition as a differential diagnosis in an acute ankle sprain: a case report and literature review. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2013; 14: 111. Ref.: https://goo.gl/DevRcJ
  4. Park J, Hahn S, Park JY, Park HJ, Lee H. Acupuncture for ankle sprain: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2013; 13: 55. Ref.: https://goo.gl/bdEQIK
  5. Baumbach SF, Fasser M, Polzer H, Sieb M, Regauer M, et al. Study protocol: the effect of whole body vibration on acute unilateral unstable lateral ankle sprain-a biphasic randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2013; 14: 22. Ref.: https://goo.gl/QwmuzM
  6. Cosby NL, Koroch M, Grindstaff TL, Parente W, Hertel J. Immediate effects of anterior to posterior talocrural joint mobilizations following acute lateral ankle sprain. J Man Manip Ther. 2011; 19: 76-83. Ref.: https://goo.gl/yMGdgF
  7. Bergmann G, Ciritsis BD, Wanner GA, Simmen HP, Werner CM, et al. Gastrocnemius muscle herniation as a rare differential diagnosis of ankle sprain: case report and review of the literature. Patient Saf Surg. 2012; 6: 5. Ref.: https://goo.gl/bgxCGV
  8. Witjes S, Gresnigt F, van den Bekerom MP, Olsman JG, van Dijk NC. The ANKLE TRIAL (ankle treatment after injuries of the ankle ligaments): what is the benefit of external support devices in the functional treatment of acute ankle sprain? A randomised controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2012; 13: 21. Ref.: https://goo.gl/PQJkZa
  9. Cohen M, Parker S, Taylor D, Smit de V, Ben-Meir M, et al. Acupuncture as analgesia for low back pain, ankle sprain and migraine in emergency departments: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2011; 12: 241. Ref.: https://goo.gl/F920vN
  10. Dubin JC, Comeau D, McClelland RI, Dubin RA, Ferrel E. Lateral and syndesmotic ankle sprain injuries: a narrative literature review. J Chiropr Med. 2011; 10: 204-219. Ref.: https://goo.gl/qC1nzh
  11. Sinnott BA, Strote J. Severe open ankle sprain. West J Emerg Med. 2011; 12: 581-582. Ref.: https://goo.gl/Rs5UBt
  12. Mohamed M, Wong CK. More than meets the eye: clinical reflection and evidence-based practice in an unusual case of adolescent chronic ankle sprain. Phys Ther. 2011; 91: 1395-1402. Ref.: https://goo.gl/HsGpLX
  13. Klykken LW, Pietrosimone BG, Kim KM, Ingersoll CD, Hertel J. Motor-neuron pool excitability of the lower leg muscles after acute lateral ankle sprain. J Athl Train. 2011; 46: 263-269. Ref.: https://goo.gl/SoOZ9K
  14. Lionberger DR, Joussellin E, Lanzarotti A, Yanchick J, Magelli M. Diclofenac epolamine topical patch relieves pain associated with ankle sprain. J Pain Res. 2011; 4: 47-53. Ref.: https://goo.gl/Z84of1
  15. Lionberger DR, Joussellin E, Yanchick J, Magelli M, Lanzarotti A. Pooled analysis of clinical trial data evaluating the safety and effectiveness of diclofenac epolamine topical patch 1.3% for the treatment of acute ankle sprain. Open Access J Sports Med. 2011; 2: 75-84. Ref.: https://goo.gl/WoHaat
  16. Van Rijn RM, Willemsen SP, Verhagen AP, Koes BW, Bierma-Zeinstra SM. Explanatory variables for adult patient’s self-reported recovery after acute lateral ankle sprain. Phys Ther. 2011; 91: 77-84. Ref.: https://goo.gl/yF21hT
  17. Steffen K, Nilstad A. Ankle exercises in combination with intermittent ice and compression following an ankle sprain improves function in the short term. J Physiother. 2010; 56: 202. Ref.: https://goo.gl/4WePSa
  18. Sandoval MC, Ramirez C, Camargo DM, Salvini TF. Effect of high-voltage pulsed current plus conventional treatment on acute ankle sprain. Rev Bras Fisioter. 2010; 14: 193-199. Ref.: https://goo.gl/LH3Osf
  19. Bleakley CM, O'Connor SR, Tully MA, Rocke LG, Macauley DC, et al. Effect of accelerated rehabilitation on function after ankle sprain: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2010; 340: c1964. Ref.: https://goo.gl/opsXyo
  20. Hubbard TJ, Wikstrom EA. Ankle sprain: Pathophysiology, Predisposing factors, and Management strategies. Open Access J Sports Med. 2010; 1: 115-122. Ref.: https://goo.gl/XMXbnl
  21. Struijs PA, Kerkhoffs GM. Ankle sprain. Clin Evid (Online). 2010; 1115. Ref.: https://goo.gl/zChOyH
  22. Fong DT, Chan YY, Mok KM, Yung PSh, Chan KM. Understanding acute ankle ligamentous sprain injury in sports. Sports Med Arthrosc Rehabil Ther Technol. 2009; 1: 14. Ref.: https://goo.gl/8ZFIh1
  23. Hupperets MD, Verhagen EA, Van Mechelen W. Effect of unsupervised home based proprioceptive training on recurrences of ankle sprain: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2009; 339: b2684. Ref.: https://goo.gl/kME0FB
  24. Cooke MW, Marsh JL, Clark M, Nakash R, Jarvis RM, et al. Treatment of severe ankle sprain: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial comparing the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of three types of mechanical ankle support with tubular bandage. The CAST trial. Health Technol Assess. 2009; 13: 1-121. Ref.: https://goo.gl/Qc8mVd

Similar Articles

Recently Viewed

Read More

Most Viewed

Read More

Help ?